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Internet ​

The TCP/IP Protocol ​

The TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) was invented by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in the 1970s.

They designed this protocol as part of a project funded by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), now known as DARPA. Their work laid the foundation for ARPANET, which later became the modern Internet.

TCP was first specified in a foundational document in 1974 titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication", co-authored by Cerf and Kahn. This protocol later evolved into the TCP/IP suite, used today for communication on the Internet.

The HTTP Protocol ​

The HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989-1991.

He developed this protocol at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) as part of his project to create the World Wide Web (WWW). HTTP was designed to enable communication between clients (web browsers) and servers to exchange linked hypertext documents, using the HTML (HyperText Markup Language) format.

The first version of HTTP, called HTTP/0.9, was released in 1991. Since then, the protocol has evolved with major versions such as HTTP/1.0 (1996), HTTP/1.1 (1997), HTTP/2 (2015), and more recently HTTP/3 (2022), bringing improvements in performance and security.

HTTP is now a fundamental pillar of the Internet, used for data transmission on the Web.

HTML ​

Tim Berners-Lee also invented HTML (HyperText Markup Language).

In 1991, while working at CERN, he created HTML as a markup language intended to structure and link hypertext documents on the World Wide Web (WWW), which he was developing in parallel.

He also proposed the foundations of the technologies needed for the Web:

  • HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) for communication.
  • URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to identify resources.
  • HTML to structure and display information.

The first document describing HTML, titled "HTML Tags", was published in 1991. It defined about 18 tags that still form the basis of the language today. HTML has since evolved with many versions, including HTML5, which is widely used today and supports advanced multimedia features.

Thus, Tim Berners-Lee is considered the father of the modern Web thanks to these inventions.